The five principal Payment Systems operating in the United Kingdom are:
- Bacs
- CHAPS
- Image Clearing System
- Faster Payments
- LINK (ATM) network
Additionally, there are the main Card Operators (Visa and MasterCard).
With the exception of CHAPS (whose designation was withdrawn in December 2017), these systems are designated by HM Treasury under the 2013 Financial Services (Banking Reform) Act and fall under the regulatory powers of the UK Payment Systems Regulator.
Bacs, Faster Payments and LINK are also Recognised by HM Treasury as electronic Payment Systems under the 2009 Banking Act and therefore also fall under the Financial Market Infrastructure Supervision responsibilities of the Bank of England (CHAPS being supervised by the Bank of England on a non-statutory basis).
The Bank of England’s Financial Market Infrastructure Supervision web page can be accessed here.
Characteristics of each Payment System
Bacs
Bacs was established in 1968 and is responsible for the operation of the Bacs Direct Credit and Direct Debit Schemes in the UK. It handled over 6.5 billion transactions in 2022 with a monthly value of approximately £444 billion (a rise of 5% on the preceding year). Direct credits are often used by companies to pay their employee salaries.
Bacs’ Website can be accessed here.
CHAPS
CHAPS is the UK’s High Value Payment System and, whilst accounting for only 0.5% of the volume of payments transacted in the UK each day, it accounts for 92% of the value transmitted. It is the only guaranteed same day payment system operating in the UK. In 2022, over £98 trillion pounds was processed by CHAPS. Very few transactions on behalf of individuals are processed by CHAPS. Of these, most are associated with house purchases or transactions that exceed either the £1m Faster Payment limit or the limits set by the Banks participating in Faster Payments. As CHAPS settles directly across the Bank of England’s Real Time Gross Settlement (RTGS) system, its operating hours are tied exactly to the Bank of England’s operating hours.
Up until November 2017, CHAPS was operated by CHAPS Clearing Company Ltd. It was then transferred to the direct operation of the Bank of England.
CHAPS’ webpage at the Bank of England can be accessed here
Image Clearing System
Cheque and Credit volumes have steadily declined over the past decade as more and more individuals and companies use electronic means for sending payments. 2022 volumes (135 million cheques and credits processed) continued this trend with volumes down 50% since 2019.
C&CCC’s website can be accessed here
Faster Payments
Faster Payments is the UK’s “instant” Payment System. Launched in 2008, its volumes and values processed continue to grow steadily and, in 2022, it handled over 3.9 billion payments (an increase of 15% on the previous year). From an end customer perspective, it operates on a near 24/7 basis, 365 days a year. Payments are, for the most part, transmitted in under two hours (if not in seconds) but can take up to the end of the next working day depending upon the sending and receiving institutions dealing with the transaction. Whilst there is a £1m maximum payment limit set by Faster Payments, there is often a lower transaction limit set by the Financial Institutions that are Direct Participants in the system.
Faster Payment Participant Payment Limits
Faster Payments’ website can be accessed here
LINK
LINK is the Member owned and controlled scheme responsible for the network connecting the UK’s cash machines. It provides the operational service which connects card issuers and cash machine operators. In 2022, just under 1.6 billion cash withdrawals took place totalling £83 billion (down from £116 billion in 2019). As at December 2022, the total number of cash machines located in the UK stood at 50,300 (a reduction of just over 10,000 since December 2019). 2020 saw a substantial reduction in cash withdrawal volumes on account of the impact of Covid with only a partial recovery since that time as consumers switched to other forms of payments and fewer retailers accepted cash.
LINK’s website can be accessed here.
LINK’s Cash Locator tool can be accessed here